Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. This section needs additional citations for verification. 10 Historiography of the Dreyfus Affair.5.5 Crisis and reshaping the political landscape.5.4 Henry unmasked, the case is rekindled.5.1 The Dreyfus Affair becomes "The Affair".4.3 The denunciation of Esterhazy and the progress of Dreyfusism.4.2 The discovery of the real culprit: Picquart "going to the enemy".4.1 The Dreyfus family exposes the affair and takes action.3.10 Conviction, degradation, and deportation.3.9 Transmission of a secret dossier to the judges.3.6 The enquiry and the first military court.3.3 The search for the author of the bordereau.
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3 Origins of the case and the trial of 1894.It embittered French politics and encouraged radicalisation. The affair from 1894 to 1906 divided France into pro-republican, anticlerical Dreyfusards and pro-Army, mostly Catholic "anti-Dreyfusards". He served during the whole of World War I, ending his service with the rank of lieutenant-colonel. In 1906, Dreyfus was exonerated and reinstated as a major in the French Army. The new trial resulted in another conviction and a 10-year sentence, but Dreyfus was pardoned and released. The intense political and judicial scandal that ensued divided French society between those who supported Dreyfus (now called "Dreyfusards"), such as Sarah Bernhardt, Anatole France, Henri Poincaré and Georges Clemenceau, and those who condemned him (the anti-Dreyfusards), such as Édouard Drumont, the director and publisher of the antisemitic newspaper La Libre Parole. In 1899, Dreyfus was returned to France for another trial. Subsequently, Émile Zola's open letter J'Accuse…! stoked a growing movement of support for Dreyfus, putting pressure on the government to reopen the case. The Army laid additional charges against Dreyfus, based on forged documents. When high-ranking military officials suppressed the new evidence, a military court unanimously acquitted Esterhazy after a trial lasting only two days. In 1896, evidence came to light-primarily through an investigation instigated by Georges Picquart, head of counter-espionage-which identified the real culprit as a French Army major named Ferdinand Walsin Esterhazy. He was sentenced to life imprisonment for allegedly communicating French military secrets to the German Embassy in Paris, and was imprisoned in Devil's Island in French Guiana, where he spent nearly five years. Dreyfus was a 35-year-old Alsatian French artillery officer of Jewish descent. The scandal began in December 1894 when Captain Alfred Dreyfus was convicted of treason. The role played by the press and public opinion proved influential in the conflict. "L'Affaire", as it is known in French, has come to symbolise modern injustice in the Francophone world, and it remains one of the most notable examples of a complex miscarriage of justice and antisemitism. The Dreyfus affair ( French: l'affaire Dreyfus, pronounced ) was a political scandal that divided the Third French Republic from 1894 until its resolution in 1906.
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